\n\tResearch and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge - including knowledge of humankind, culture and society - and to devise new applications of available knowledge.
\n", "uwagi": "\n\tThe five criteria for identifying R&D:
\n\n\t- novel - to be aimed at new findings
\n\n\t- creative - to be based on original, not obvious, concepts and hypotheses
\n\n\t- uncertain - to be uncertain about the final outcome and the cost, including time allocation
\n\n\t- systematic - to be conducted in a planned way (with identified the purpose of the R&D project and the sources of funding)
\n\n\t- transferable and/or reproducible - to lead to results that could be possibly reproduced.
\n\n\tResearch and development includes:
\n\n\t1. scientific research
\n\n\t- basic research
\n\n\t- applied research
\n\n\t- industrial research
\n\n\t2. experimental development
\n", "data-poczatku-pojecie": "1999-07-01", "data-konca-pojecie": "9999-12-31" }, { "id-pojecie": 296, "nazwa-pojecie": "Employment in R&D activity", "definicja": "All persons directly engaged in R&D activity, both operational staff and support staff.
", "uwagi": "Personnel directly engaged in R&D activity include employees devoting at least 10% of their total working hours for this activity. Employees devoting less than 10% of their total working hours for R&D activity as well as staff providing intermediate services (e.g. industrial guard, canteen staff, cleaners or employees of IT departments) are not included (however costs of labour of these persons as so called overhead costs in their R&D activity part are included in current expenditures on this activity). Employment in R&D activity is surveyed according to groups of workstations and by educational level. In the variant by groups of work stations, three categories are distinguished: - researchers (RSE), - technicians and equivalent staff - other staff engaged in R&D activity. In the variant by educational level, the following categories are distinguished among others: - persons with title of professors, - persons with habilitated doctor (HD) degree - persons with doctor (PhD) degree
", "data-poczatku-pojecie": "1999-07-01", "data-konca-pojecie": "2015-12-31" }, { "id-pojecie": 3081, "nazwa-pojecie": "Biotechnology", "definicja": "\n\tA interdisciplinary field of science and technology dealing with the application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services.
\n\n\tThe list-based definition of biotechnology, based on the list of biotechnology techniques, is as follows:
\n\n\t• DNA/RNA: Genomics, pharmacogenomics, gene probes, genetic engineering, DNA/RNA sequencing/ synthesis/amplification, gene expression profiling, and use of antisense technology,
\n\n\t• Proteins and other molecules: Sequencing/synthesis/engineering of proteins and peptides (including large molecule hormones); improved delivery methods for large molecule drugs; proteomics, protein isolation and purification, signaling, identification of cell receptors,
\n\n\t• Cell and tissue culture and engineering: Cell/tissue culture, tissue engineering (including tissue scaffolds and biomedical engineering), cellular fusion, vaccine/immune stimulants, embryo manipulation,
\n\n\t• Process biotechnology techniques: Fermentation using bioreactors, bioprocessing, bioleaching, biopulping, biobleaching, biodesulphurisation, bioremediation, biofiltration and phytoremediation,
\n\n\t• Gene and RNA vectors: Gene therapy, viral vectors,
\n\n\t• Bioinformatics: Construction of databases on genomes, protein sequences; modelling complex biological processes, including systems biology,
\n\n\t• Nanobiotechnology: Applies the tools and processes of nano/microfabrication to build devices for studying biosystems and applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, etc,
\n\n\t• other.
\n", "data-poczatku-pojecie": "2008-01-01", "data-konca-pojecie": "9999-12-31" }, { "id-pojecie": 4045, "nazwa-pojecie": "Internal R&D personnel", "definicja": "Persons employed (employees, working proprietors and unpaid family workers) by the statistical unit who contribute to the unit’s intramural R&D activities.
", "data-poczatku-pojecie": "2015-01-01", "data-konca-pojecie": "9999-12-31" } ], "wyjasnienia-metodologiczne": { "wyjasnienia-metodologiczne-tresc": "Until 2014, data on R&D personnel include only employed in R&D.
", "notki": [] }, "przekroje": [ { "id-przekroj": 158, "nazwa-przekroj": "Poland; R&D personnel functions", "szereg-czasowy": "2012 - 2024", "id-czestotliwosc": 1, "nazwa-czestotliwosc": "Year", "aktualizacja-ostatnia": "2026-03-02", "aktualizacja-kolejna": "2027-02-26" }, { "id-przekroj": 159, "nazwa-przekroj": "Poland; Educational level of R&D personnel", "szereg-czasowy": "2012 - 2024", "id-czestotliwosc": 1, "nazwa-czestotliwosc": "Year", "aktualizacja-ostatnia": "2026-03-02", "aktualizacja-kolejna": "2027-02-26" } ], "zestawy": [ { "id-zestaw": 1397, "symbol-zestaw": "MN-02", "nazwa-zestaw": "report on biotechnology activities in enterprises", "id-gestor": 35, "nazwa-gestor": "Statistics Poland" } ], "badania": [ { "id-badanie": 142, "symbol-badanie": "1.43.12", "temat-badanie": "Biotechnology" } ], "akty-prawne": [ {} ], "jednostki": [ { "id-jednostka": 136, "nazwa-jednostki": "Statistical Office in Szczecin" } ] }