\n\tResearch and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge - including knowledge of humankind, culture and society - and to devise new applications of available knowledge.
\n", "uwagi": "\n\tThe five criteria for identifying R&D:
\n\n\t- novel - to be aimed at new findings
\n\n\t- creative - to be based on original, not obvious, concepts and hypotheses
\n\n\t- uncertain - to be uncertain about the final outcome and the cost, including time allocation
\n\n\t- systematic - to be conducted in a planned way (with identified the purpose of the R&D project and the sources of funding)
\n\n\t- transferable and/or reproducible - to lead to results that could be possibly reproduced.
\n\n\tResearch and development includes:
\n\n\t1. scientific research
\n\n\t- basic research
\n\n\t- applied research
\n\n\t- industrial research
\n\n\t2. experimental development
\n", "data-poczatku-pojecie": "1999-07-01", "data-konca-pojecie": "9999-12-31" }, { "id-pojecie": 230, "nazwa-pojecie": "Intramural expenditures on R&D", "definicja": "All current expenditures plus gross fixed capital expenditures for R&D performed within a statistical unit during a specific reference period, whatever the source of funds. Intramural R&D expenditure is synonymous with the performance of R&D within a statistical unit.
", "uwagi": "The summation of intramural R&D for all sectors is synonymous with the performance of R&D for the entire economy (GERD).
", "data-poczatku-pojecie": "1999-07-01", "data-konca-pojecie": "9999-12-31" }, { "id-pojecie": 3081, "nazwa-pojecie": "Biotechnology", "definicja": "\n\tA interdisciplinary field of science and technology dealing with the application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services.
\n\n\tThe list-based definition of biotechnology, based on the list of biotechnology techniques, is as follows:
\n\n\t• DNA/RNA: Genomics, pharmacogenomics, gene probes, genetic engineering, DNA/RNA sequencing/ synthesis/amplification, gene expression profiling, and use of antisense technology,
\n\n\t• Proteins and other molecules: Sequencing/synthesis/engineering of proteins and peptides (including large molecule hormones); improved delivery methods for large molecule drugs; proteomics, protein isolation and purification, signaling, identification of cell receptors,
\n\n\t• Cell and tissue culture and engineering: Cell/tissue culture, tissue engineering (including tissue scaffolds and biomedical engineering), cellular fusion, vaccine/immune stimulants, embryo manipulation,
\n\n\t• Process biotechnology techniques: Fermentation using bioreactors, bioprocessing, bioleaching, biopulping, biobleaching, biodesulphurisation, bioremediation, biofiltration and phytoremediation,
\n\n\t• Gene and RNA vectors: Gene therapy, viral vectors,
\n\n\t• Bioinformatics: Construction of databases on genomes, protein sequences; modelling complex biological processes, including systems biology,
\n\n\t• Nanobiotechnology: Applies the tools and processes of nano/microfabrication to build devices for studying biosystems and applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, etc,
\n\n\t• other.
\n", "data-poczatku-pojecie": "2008-01-01", "data-konca-pojecie": "9999-12-31" } ], "wyjasnienia-metodologiczne": { "notki": [] }, "przekroje": [ { "id-przekroj": 16, "nazwa-przekroj": "Poland", "szereg-czasowy": "2012 - 2024", "id-czestotliwosc": 1, "nazwa-czestotliwosc": "Year", "aktualizacja-ostatnia": "2026-03-02", "aktualizacja-kolejna": "2027-02-26" } ], "zestawy": [ { "id-zestaw": 1397, "symbol-zestaw": "MN-02", "nazwa-zestaw": "report on biotechnology activities in enterprises", "id-gestor": 35, "nazwa-gestor": "Statistics Poland" } ], "badania": [ { "id-badanie": 142, "symbol-badanie": "1.43.12", "temat-badanie": "Biotechnology" } ], "akty-prawne": [ {} ], "jednostki": [ { "id-jednostka": 136, "nazwa-jednostki": "Statistical Office in Szczecin" } ] }